Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It is a form of dementia that occurs in people between the ages of 40 and 65, and is the most common cause of dementia in people under the age of 60. FTD is characterized by a range of symptoms, including changes in behavior, language and motor skills. The disease is progressive, meaning that it gradually gets worse over time.
Early Stages of FTD
In its early stages, FTD may begin with subtle changes in behavior and personality. For example, a person may start exhibiting signs of apathy, become more socially withdrawn and less interested in activities they once enjoyed. They may also become more irritable, exhibit a decreased ability to concentrate and lack initiative. Other early signs of FTD include difficulty with executive functioning, such as making decisions or planning, changes in language use, and difficulty recognizing familiar objects or people.
Middle Stages of FTD
As FTD progresses, people often experience a decline in motor skills, such as difficulty walking or performing everyday activities, as well as difficulty with language. They may have difficulty with word finding and have difficulty understanding communication. In addition, they may start to exhibit compulsive behaviors or become more impulsive. People in the middle stages of FTD may also have difficulty recognizing family members, confusion about time and place, and an overall decline in their ability to take care of themselves.
Late Stages of FTD
In the late stages of FTD, people often experience a severe decline in cognitive and physical functioning. They may become totally dependent on others for day to day activities, such as bathing and eating. They may also lose the ability to speak, walk, and recognize familiar faces. Other late stage symptoms include difficulty controlling bowel and bladder function, as well as increased difficulty with language. People in the late stages of FTD may also experience confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and delusions.
What Causes FTD?
The exact cause of FTD is unknown, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Studies have shown that mutations in certain genes, such as tau, MAPT and progranulin, can increase the risk of developing FTD. In addition, exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as lead and mercury, have been linked to an increased risk of developing FTD. Researchers are still trying to understand the exact cause of this disorder.
Diagnosing FTD
FTD is diagnosed through a combination of medical tests, including a physical and neurological exam, a detailed medical history, and a series of imaging tests, such as an MRI or CT scan. A doctor may also order a genetic test to look for mutations in certain genes that are associated with FTD. In addition, a doctor may also order a behavioral assessment to look for changes in behavior, language, and cognition.
Treating FTD
Unfortunately, there is no cure for FTD. However, there are treatments that can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments include medications to improve cognition, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, and medications to manage behavioral symptoms, such as antipsychotic medications. In addition, physical, occupational, and speech therapy can help improve mobility, communication, and daily functioning. Finally, counseling and support groups can help people cope with the emotional and social impact of the disease.
Living with FTD
FTD can be a difficult and challenging disease to live with. It is important to remember that everyone’s experience with FTD is different, and that it is important to focus on what is important to the individual. It is also important to remember that support and understanding from family and friends can be invaluable in helping people live with FTD. Finally, it is important to remember that there are resources available to help people living with FTD, such as online support groups and local organizations.